- ls – list files and directories
- cd – change directory
- pwd – print working directory
- mkdir – make directory
- rmdir – remove directory
- touch – create a new file
- cp – copy a file or directory
- mv – move or rename a file or directory
- rm – remove a file or directory
- chmod – change file permissions
- chown – change file ownership
- sudo – run a command with superuser privileges
- su – switch to another user
- top – display system processes
- ps – display process status
- kill – terminate a process
- df – display disk usage
- du – display file space usage
- free – display memory usage
- echo – print a message
- cat – concatenate and display files
- less – display text file contents one page at a time
- head – display the first lines of a file
- tail – display the last lines of a file
- grep – search for a pattern in text
- find – find files by name or other criteria
- locate – quickly find files by name
- which – display the path of a command
- whereis – locate the binary, source, and man page files of a command
- man – display the manual page of a command
- apropos – search the manual page descriptions
- info – display information about a command
- history – display command history
- clear – clear the terminal screen
- date – display the current date and time
- time – measure the time taken by a command
- cal – display a calendar
- bc – perform calculator operations
- yes – repeatedly output a string
- no – do nothing
- alias – create a short name for a command
- unalias – remove a command alias
- env – display environment variables
- export – set an environment variable
- source – execute commands from a file
- . – execute commands from a file
- exit – terminate the current session
- logout – terminate the current session
- reboot – reboot the system
- shutdown – shut down the system
These commands are the most commonly used and are a good starting point for learning Linux command line. However, it is also important to note that many Linux distributions come with their own specific set of commands and tools.